汀江似鮈(Pseudogobio vaillanti)生态环境和繁殖特性的调查

2014—2015年对宣成到官庄境内似鮈生活的汀江河段进行实地考察和采样,结果表明该江段水温、溶解氧和pH分别在17.2~28.5℃、7.03~8.63 mg/L和6.75~6.83之间变化;似鮈喜欢栖息多砾石或沙石的环境,一般隐蔽在石缝里。汀江似鮈每年4—7月为繁殖期,产卵盛期为5—6月;性成熟年龄为1~2龄,体重在8.1~56.3 g之间;雌鱼怀卵量为213~550粒/尾,相对繁殖力为20~120粒/g·体重,成熟系数为1.07%~8.37%,雄鱼成熟系数为0.41%~4.85%;产沉性卵,深黄色,卵径为(0.762±0.015)mm。产卵场水深约1.5~2.5 m,溶解氧为7.85~8.41 mg/L,水温为18.6~26.7℃,pH在6.8~7.2之间,底质以沙砾为主。     

淡水养殖环境中氨氧化微生物的研究进展

随着水产养殖业的快速发展,养殖水体氮素污染日益突出,硝化微生物在水产养殖环境氮循环中具有重要作用。本文主要综述我国淡水养殖环境中硝化微生物的多样性、作用机理、厌氧氨氧化过程和机理等研究进展,并展望今后的研究工作:(1)淡水养殖水域硝化作用和氨氧化微生物的时空分布特征及影响因子;(2)淡水养殖环境氨氧化微生物及其他氮素转化关键微生物的过程与机理;(3)深入研究特定生态系统中如池塘生态系统、氮循环的各个过程,构建相关氮素转化和氮素平衡模型,为完善淡水池塘生态系统氮循环理论、水产养殖环境的氮素污染治理和生态修复提供参考。     

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the fatty acid delta 6 desaturase (FAD6) gene in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

The sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus), an important echinodermata, had high value in nutrition and medicine for its rich collagen, sulphated polysaccharide, glycosides and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The cDNA of the fatty acid desaturase gene in A. japonicus (AJFAD6) was cloned and was found to encode a desaturase with delta 6 FAD activity. Sequence analysis indicated that AJFAD6 included an open reading frame of 1392 bp, encoding 463 amino acids. AJFAD6 has all the conserved motifs found in other members of the FAD6 family, including an N‐terminal cytochrome b5 domain and three histidine‐rich regions. qRT‐PCR showed that AJFAD6 was expressed in all tissues tested during juvenile development and was mainly expressed in the respiratory tree at 150 days after adherence (150 days) and in the intestine at 100 days. Furthermore, AJFAD6 mRNA was also detected in the analysed adult tissues, with higher expression in the intestine and testis. Functional characterization of AJFAD6 in a recombinant yeast, Pichia pastoris, showed that AJFAD6 could catalyse exogenous linoleic acid (LA) and α‐linolenic acid (ALA) to produce γ‐linoleic acid (GLA) and stearidonic acid (STA), respectively, at conversion rates of 11.1% for LA to GLA and 3.4% for ALA to STA. Our results suggested that the biosynthetic pathway of PUFA existed in the sea cucumber, but endogenous production of eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from either LA or ALA precursor appeared to be limited.     

Dietary α‐linolenic acid affects lipid metabolism and tissue fatty acid profile and induces apoptosis in intraperitoneal adipose tissue of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to elucidate the effects and mechanism action of dietary α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3) on lipid accumulation and fatty acid profile of muscle, hepatopancreas and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) in juvenile grass carp using three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi‐purified diets containing 0.0% (control group), 1.0% and 2.0% ALA, respectively. The lowest intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio was found in 2.0% group. In the muscle, hepatopancreas and IPF, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) contents increased with the increase in dietary ALA. In the IPF, caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9 showed the highest activities in 2.0% group, while the value of Bcl‐2/Bax (B‐cell leukaemia 2/Bcl‐2‐associated X protein) reached the lowest. Meanwhile, swelling of the IPF mitochondria was observed in 2.0% group. The gene expressions of fatty acid desaturase (FAD) and fatty acid elongase (ELO) in the hepatopancreas and muscle showed significantly higher levels in the treatment groups, whereas an opposite trend was existed in the IPF. Fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1c (SREBP‐1c) in the IPF and hepatopancreas reached the lowest in 2.0% group. Overall, dietary ALA could promote n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) synthesis and suppress the accumulation of lipid by decreasing the expression of related genes and promoting the apoptosis in IPF.     

Antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in Artemia nauplii enriched with DHA‐rich oil emulsion and the effect of adding an external antioxidant based on hydroxytyrosol

Artemia nauplii catabolize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); in particular, they retroconvert docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3), so enrichment is a continuous quest towards increasing PUFA through the use of PUFA‐rich enrichment products. However, optimal conditions during enrichment (aeration, illumination and temperatures around 28°C) tend to accelerate autoxidation of PUFA and the formation of potentially toxic oxidation products. Water‐soluble antioxidants like the polyphenolic compound hydroxytyrosol (3,4‐dihydroxyphenylethanol), a polar molecule found in the water fraction resulting after the milling process of olives, arise as promising compounds to prevent oxidation during Artemia enrichments. We investigated the antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in Artemia nauplii during enrichment and the effect of adding an external antioxidant based on hydroxytyrosol during the enrichment with a PUFA‐rich emulsion (M70). For this purpose, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, glutathione peroxidase), as well as lipid peroxidation, was determined in enriched and unenriched Artemia nauplii. To validate antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation, in a first experiment, nauplii were enriched with microalgae (Tetraselmis suecica), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and M70 emulsion. In a second experiment, enrichment with a commercial emulsion (DC Super Selco), M70, and a combination of M70 and hydroxytyrosol (Hytolive, HYT) added as an external antioxidant were performed. The combination of M70 with HYT produced the best results, in terms of activity of antioxidant enzymes. The analysis of the fatty acids from total lipids showed that the addition of hydroxytyrosol preserved the DHA percentage of enriched nauplii.     

武夷岩茶氨基酸组分及含量分析

采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定分析大红袍、水仙、肉桂、雀舌、金毛猴和矮脚乌龙等6个品种武夷岩茶的游离氨基酸组分,结果表明:6个品种武夷岩茶均含有17种氨基酸,氨基酸含量品种间差异显著,武夷岩茶的游离氨基酸总量为75.82~107.12 mg/g;其中含量较高的为谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和亮氨酸。武夷岩茶的氨基酸中含有各种人体必需氨基酸,且比例均衡;必需氨基酸总量占30.47%~40.46%,药用氨基酸含量丰富,占氨基酸总量的61.29%~63.90%;呈鲜味的氨基酸含量也占氨基酸总量的23.80%~28.63%,因此,武夷岩茶具有较高的营养价值和保健功能。     

洛阳市植烟区生态环境聚类及烟叶化学成分分析

[目的]分析不同生态环境烟叶的化学成分差异性及适宜性。[方法]以降雨、海拔和日照条件为因子,对洛阳市烟区生态环境进行系统聚类,并抽取34个样品分析了不同生态环境中烟叶的化学成分含量及适宜性。[结果]与2015年全国平均含量相比,洛阳市烟叶的总植物碱、总氮和钾含量较低,淀粉和游离氨基酸含量略高,样品间氯含量、钾氯比和糖碱比变异较大;聚类分析将洛阳市烟区划分为A、B、C、D 4类小生态环境烟区;A类烟区烟叶的总植物碱、氯含量相对较高,D类烟区烟叶的钾氯比、糖碱比和氮碱比相对较高;4类烟区烟叶的总植物碱、总氮、游离氨基酸含量和氮碱比适宜性较好,碳水化合物含量高出适宜范围,糖碱比例不协调,钾、氯含量偏低。[结论]总体来看,A类烟区烟叶化学成分适宜性最佳。     

红茶提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠血尿酸的影响

研究红茶提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠血尿酸的影响。将36只雄性KM小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、红茶提取物低、中、高剂量组及别嘌呤醇组。空白组和给茶组连续1周分别灌胃生理盐水和红茶提取物,给茶组第7天造模后1 h给茶;模型组在第7天腹腔注射氧嗪酸钾并灌胃酵母膏造模。测定结果显示:与模型组相比,各给茶组血尿酸(UA)水平均降低;与模型组相比,给茶组血尿素氮(BUN)水平均降低,其中、高剂量给茶组BUN水平显著降低(P0.05),高剂量组差异极显著(P0.01);各给茶组血肌酐(Cr)值与模型组相比极显著下降(P0.001)。高剂量组黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性较模型组显著降低(P0.05),低、中剂量组有一定的抑制作用,但无显著差异。研究表明,红茶提取物对氧嗪酸钾和酵母膏导致的小鼠高尿酸血症有明显的改善作用。     

烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)合成途径和水稻叶片早衰

叶片是植物进行光合作用的主要场所,其衰老由内源遗传发育信号和外界环境胁迫所启动,是一个非常复杂有序的调控过程。烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD)是脱氢酶的辅酶,在糖酵解、糖异生、三羧酸循环以及呼吸链等代谢中发挥着不可替代的作用。最新研究表明,水稻NAD生物合成参与调控沉默信息调控因子Sirtuins的生物活性、组蛋白H3K9去乙酰化、植物激素茉莉酸(JA)和叶片衰老。本文综述了有关水稻叶片衰老的细胞生理特征、Sirtuins酶活、NAD生物合成以及水稻早衰的OsSRT1-NAD调控途径和OsSRT1-Me OH-JA调控途径,以期阐明水稻叶片衰老的分子机理及其调控途径,为高产育种提供相应的理论参考。